We can talk a lot about the PHYSICAL aesthetic signs of beauties in Persian literature and especially in Persian poems. Despite the fact that all over the Persian literature and history is about BEAUTY and aesthetics, it's amazing that with this vast literature there isn't any specialized writing still about this fact. The ancients examined this fact with a science named Elm-al-Jamal. In this article we first go through the ancient and then contemporary aesthetic study. The next part searched missing links of BEAUTY in ancient Persian before Islam, and then we find the signs of BEAUTY in Persian poems and show the changing and developmental trend of BEAUTY. At last we explain the cause of the stability of the aesthetic taste ancients had in Persian poems.

Kant suggests reflective judgment (imagination) as the aesthetics taste. When imagination, independent of understanding and reason, abstracts pure forms of objects on the basis of subjective purposiveness, then “free BEAUTY” is produced. On the other hand, when it combines these forms with the concept of the perfection of an object (objective inner purposiveness), then it develops “dependent BEAUTY”. Kant considers such a combination in dependent BEAUTY to be a combination of good and beautiful. This point has caused a great ambiguity in Kant’s idea about BEAUTY, so much so that some interpreters do not deem dependent BEAUTY as a genuine BEAUTY, but a product of reason.This article argues for the falsity of this interpretation by explaining Kant’s understanding of free and dependent BEAUTY, and his emphasis on the independence of aesthetic judgment.

Nature has aesthetics of its own, what can provoke the human mind into better recognizing the concept of BEAUTY via mental perception. As such, human mind can interact with the nonverbal expressions of nature only to better his/her primitive aesthetic knowledge and reach a more novel recognition of aestheticism via the practice of interpretative deduction. This article has been the result of a series of discussions and dialogues between the authors on the nature of aesthetic geotouring and exploring the natural phenomena based on the Dialectical Method of Socrates and modelled after the Platonic dialogues. The outcome of this dialectic study brings to light the fact that touring in nature through providing the due opportunity for mental perception of aesthetic phenomena can provide a clearer definition of ‘BEAUTY’ in its rich variety. Aesthetic search as such will culminate in forming a more illuminated mental concept of BEAUTY in mind, what can influence human rationale for aesthetic judgment and enrich even more the texture of human aesthetic creation. Such aesthetico-interpretative endeavor might lead to a higher potential for creating more original works of literature and art and culminate in a better judgment about such aesthetic creations.

There was not much philosophical debate in aesthetics before 17th century when BEAUTY was not treated per se. The main two theories on BEAUTY were those of Plato and Aristotle, which were not essentially very different. Nevertheless after the 17th century, the individualistic approach to artistic creation caused a variety of sometimes contradicting philosophical views to the subjects. This article however avoids philosophical discourse to find aesthetical rules which are practically applicable in creating a 'beautiful' built environment.        

The main goal of this research is to explain the relationship between artistic and natural BEAUTY from Aquinas' point of view. This study is fundamental type and its nature is explanatory-analytical. Information is collected using the library method and qualitative analysis. This research shows that in both types, we are facing tangible BEAUTY. Both beauties are imperfect and a reflection of the perfect BEAUTY of God. Natural BEAUTY is without human intervention and artistic BEAUTY is without human intervention. God is the cause of natural BEAUTY. Artistic BEAUTY is not the creation of the face, but the representation or transformation of the face. Natural BEAUTY is superior to artistic BEAUTY; because the principle as a measure of BEAUTY is nature, and artistic BEAUTY is somehow derived from natural BEAUTY. BEAUTY criteria (harmony, proportion, clarity, and perfection) are current in natural and artistic BEAUTY. Aquinas' view of natural BEAUTY is descriptive.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized PHYSICAL and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different PHYSICAL development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of PHYSICAL development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Although Hume, regarding his basic ideas, explicitly identifies BEAUTY as a sentiment, but in some passages it is introduced not as a sentiment but as a real quality. In some other passages, it also seemed like a secondary quality. Some interpreters, just by referring to these unclear passages in Hume’s writings, offered a kind of interpretations from Hume’s basic idea of BEAUTY that finally is incompatible with his entire philosophy. We attempt, in this paper, by presenting the Hume’s theory of BEAUTY as sentiment and its different from the making -BEAUTY qualities, to explain the reasons of these misinterpretations.